|
Categories: all aviation bicycle gadgets misc motorcycle theater
Mon, 30 Jul 2007The Ignition Switch Mangler is back. I came home today to see the bike cover was too far up, suggesting someone had lifted it and incompletely replaced it. Indeed, the ignition switch was torn up. I was upset at the time, but already (about 5 hours later) I'm mostly laughing. Ok, so this thief ('cause I'm sure it's the same moron) tries once with his screwdriver. Jam, turn, nothing happens. Well, he did break off the tip of the screwdriver, which was a real bummer for me. I get the bike back in shape, and decide that in order to provide extra incentive, I'll leave the cover on it at all times, and run a thick steel cable conspicuously from the bike to a nearby sturdy structure. Moron boy shows up with another screwdriver, lifts the cover (having apparently missed the cable) and tries the exact same trick again. Shockingly, it fails again. Even if he did break the switch into a million pieces, he still has to deal with a cable lock fastened to a 4" thick steel structural member. I can't imagine what kind of stunning intellect would produce this action, but it puts me in mind of what someone told me was a Chinese proverb: The true definition of madness is to do the same thing twice and expect a different result the second time. Posted at 23:59 permanent link category: /motorcycle You may enjoy looking through some house pictures I took tonight as I was getting it cleaned up. The documents are signed, and we're on schedule to get the house on the market this Friday. It's priced at $399,950, so tell your friends. Enjoy! Posted at 23:52 permanent link category: /misc Thu, 26 Jul 2007
He was so lazy... How lazy was he?
I'm being sent to San Jose in a few weeks to help deal with a big thingy at work. I was informed that I might need to drive myself offsite to do some datacenter work, and that I should reserve a rental car. So, I went to the site, and added a car to my reservation thing. There were two checkboxes under "Options:" I thought to myself, Huh, cool, maybe I can get a manual! I unchecked the "Automatic Transmission" checkbox to see what would happen. The form was rejected, saying "No cars meet the requested criteria" and I was urged to go try again. Then it hit me: we are a nation so incredibly lazy, that we can't even be bothered to shift the gears of the transmissions in our massively wasteful labor-saving devices. Posted at 14:18 permanent link category: /misc Tue, 24 Jul 2007I just sent this in to the Mayor's office, but I'm sure it'll be put in the circular-file long before Nickels actually sees it:
Posted at 09:34 permanent link category: /bicycle Sat, 21 Jul 2007I've just uploaded my latest silly video. This one (strictly for the motorcycle geeks) shows how to roll up an Aerostich Roadcrafter suit to make it more manageable once you've taken it off: Posted at 22:22 permanent link category: /motorcycle Thu, 19 Jul 2007In a big fat hurrah for me, my new ignition switch arrived last night. The reality of doing the work hit me, and I made a pilgrimmage up to my house to collect tools. (Brief history: on July 4th, I discovered some moron had tried to steal my Ninja 250 by jamming a screwdriver in the lock and twisting -- he failed, but left the lock unuseable.) So, I went up and collected all the tools I thought I'd need. I knew I'd forget something, but I didn't know what. I got the bike apart with surprising speed. The Kawasaki tech I'd talked to apparently didn't have much clue about how to do this -- he said I'd need to take apart most of the bike's front-end, which just wasn't true. Then, I was presented with the problem: Kawasaki uses "security bolts" where the grippable part of the bolt's head breaks off. It makes them harder to remove, but not impossible. For instance, I removed mine by drilling the heads off. I didn't do it well, but that was my attempt. It turns out that although I was able to drill off the heads of the bolts, I also drilled too far into the bolt shafts. When I got the switch off, I discovered that there was essentially no shaft sticking up, which pretty much nixed my clever idea of just unscrewing the shafts with vice-grips. sigh. So, it was trip number 2 up to my house, to get the drill and the screw extractor. As I'm sure you can imagine, there were a few impolite words uttered as part of this whole process. I stopped by the hardware store to get a propane torch (something I've been vaguely wanting for a while), since the bolts were held in with red thread locker, which is a really effective glue. Heat softens it, and increases the chances of success when removing things that have been threadlocked in. Fortunately, I already had a screw extractor, this clever little gizmo that you drill into the broken-off bolt, and it seats and expands while turning counter-clockwise, until the bolt comes right out. Well, that's the way it should work, but naturally it didn't. Due to the thread locker, I managed to damage the screw extractor. Not enough to destroy it, but enough to reduce its effectiveness. I had, perhaps foolishly, decided to see if I could get the bolt out without heat (thinking I could return the torch if it wasn't necessary). That obviously wasn't happening, so I re-drilled the extractor's hole, and played the torch over the area for 20 seconds. This time, it came out, although still reluctantly. The second one went easier, since I'd figured out the process on the first one. Then it was back to the apartment, to install the new ignition switch. Putting it all back together was actually very straightforward. The only hard part was remembering the order in which the fairing screws go into the gas tank -- there's a particular order, and I got it wrong 3 or 4 times. I finally pulled all the bolts out and "reset" myself, and got it done. For some reason, the fairing never quite matches up to the gas tank, which was true on both Ninja 250s I've had. Anyway, I was done by 10:30, and had the cover back on the bike, and a stout steel cable running to a nearby railing. I suppose someone might still come along and mess up the new lock, but if they did, it'd have to be out of pure malice. Posted at 11:40 permanent link category: /motorcycle Sat, 14 Jul 2007I was dissappointed that the gas welding forum wasn't happening, so I wandered. The weather was doing strange things, but the rain had stopped (I got to use my new umbrella for both rain and sun that day), and heavy clouds were visually duking it out in the sky. Finally, and surprisingly quickly, 1 pm rolled around, and it was time for another workshop. I had a choice between TIG welding and fabric covering, and I vacillated for a bit, but finally decided on fabric covering. I know that's something I'll be doing, and I was really curious how it's done, since no one really talks about the process itself. The workshop was presented by Poly-Fiber, one of the manufacturers of fabric and related chemicals, so I started out a little skeptical. However, the presenter himself (Gary, maybe? let's go with Gary) almost immediately explained that all the fabric comes from one mill, and the only difference is which stamp the put on it. That was good to hear, and he established that he didn't sell anything himself, so at least Gary wasn't completely biased. He's actually an aircraft mechanic in Canada. Anyway, he talked for a while about the old way of doing it (cotton and butyrate dope) and the new way of doing it (unshrunk polyester and heat). A major difference between the two is that the cotton fabric had to be sewn into the right shape, and slipped on the piece to be covered (imagine sewing a sock big enough to fit around a wing or fuselage!). The polyester, on the other hand, can be adhered to the piece with glue. Gary allowed that now, it's likely we have adhesive sufficiently strong to adhere cotton as well, but cotton still lacks compared to polyester. The other big difference is that polyester shrinks with heat. You apply a 250° iron to it, and it shrinks 5%. Apply a 350° iron to it, and it shrinks another 5%. Apply a 400° iron to it, and it starts permanently relaxing (ie, unshrinking), and at 426° it melts. So, obviously temperature control is important. Cotton, on the other hand, is shrunk with water and about 27 coats of dope, each coat requiring sanding before the next. It's a lot more work. Apparently you can also finish polyester with dope, but it's still a lot of coats and sanding. Anyway, the cool part of this workshop is that it was hands-on. Gary had a half-dozen steel frames on tables, and each was set up with a piece of fabric and a little tub of glue. We introduced ourselves to our neighbors, and set up two to a frame. In short order, we had the frame half-covered, and it didn't take long before it was entirely covered. The guy I was working with, Jim, and I managed to get the fabric fairly taut to begin with, but by the time we had it glued on and shrunk to fit, it was really tight. We were very happy with how easy and effective the process was.
The final task (as we listened to the airshow planes diving and twirling outside -- the workshop ran 30 minutes over time) was to remove the fabric for the next class. So, I pulled out my knife and slashed each section diagonally on one side, and we started pulling it off. The fabric was very difficult to rip, and only marginally easier to pull off the glue lines. Most interestingly (I wish I'd gotten a picture of this), on the flip side, I'd just scored the fabric, without actually cutting through it. On the final panel, it was very lightly scored, and I tried punching through it. And again. And again. The scored line got wider, but it took 5 or 6 full-strength punches before it separated. That fabric is amazingly tough. Jim and I were both very impressed. The final bit of presentation was on finishing the fabric. Interestingly, Gary said categorically that auto and house paint won't work because they'll crack from vibration. He also said that the scraps of fabric were souvenirs, so I grabbed a few, thinking I might do weathering tests with them. It was funny, I could feel Gary's audience straining to go watch the airshow as he was standing there, explaining about paint, with the engine noises occasionally completely covering his voice. I'm surprised he ran over so far on time, since he'd done this same presentation at least 4-5 times already this week. Getting out of the fabric workshop, I walked towards the airshow viewing area. There was (no surprise) an airplane flying around, trailing smoke. I guess I'm not very enthralled with airshow displays. I realized at this point that I hadn't really eaten anything since 6:00 in the morning, so I walked back to the "food court" area (actually numerous carney-style booths selling corndogs and caramel apples). I was beginning to despair of finding food I might want to eat, when I spotted a place claiming to sell Mexican-style food such as quesadillas and soft tacos. I ordered a cheese quesadilla (yes, I know, redundant) after establishing that it wasn't made with that horrible plastic squirty cheese (I think I asked exactly that question: "Is the quesadilla made with that horrible plastic squirty cheese?" pointing at a display dish covered in flourescent orange goo). I also got a can of coke. Total bill? $7.50. Sheesh. Oh, but it included "salsa," which seemed to be ketchup with corn and black beans in it, and no spice whatsoever. It was acceptable as food, but definitely overpriced. I watched the airplanes cavorting overhead, and chewed on my cheese-thing. It felt good to sit down, as this day entailed a lot of walking around. I walked back and sat down to watch the airshow for a bit after lunch. It was impressive to watch the airplanes dancing around the sky, flying straight up for quite a distance before kicking the tail over. Perhaps most impressive about the displays is that the majority of the acrobatic planes were home-built. The airshow concluded with a "military parade" which left me with mixed feelings -- my inner savage-child was screaming "Cool!" and the thinking upper layers were getting that sinking feeling of looking at instruments of death.
The late afternoon involved a lot of wandering around, looking for biplanes, but there just weren't many to be seen. I did find the acrobatic section, with a number of Christen Eagles painted in the distinctive color-burst scheme, which I really dislike.
Eventually, I found myself back at the Chapter 84 tent, talking with Tom about his plane. Specifically, I asked him about welding, which seems like it's going to be in my future. He suggested, in short, that I should start with gas welding. That's the conclusion I'd been coming to, but it was very nice to hear a real person say that. I find myself distrusting semi-anonymous Internet postings on what appear to be contentious topics. TIG vs. gas welding seems to be one of those topics.
There was another person who was hanging around the 84 tent, who was one of those people who just talks and talks. As it happens, that's a habit that really gets on my nerves, so I was kind of annoyed to see he was still there -- he'd been there, talking at Tom before the fabric workshop as well. Still, I was very happy to have met Tom, and am looking forward to attending Chapter 84 meetings. Finally, it was time to go. I'd been there since 7:30 in the morning, and it was now past 6, nearing 7. I walked towards the parking lot, and diverted when I realized that I'd never investigated the airplane rides being offered. I would kick myself if getting a ride in a biplane or a Beech 18 was available and I didn't even check it out. I hit the Biplane Rides! booth, and saw that they were charging $60 per person. I asked a bit about the plane (some 1929 era plane I'd never heard of), and we established that $60 bought you 10-15 minutes in the air. I thought about it, and decided that was a waste of money -- I'm going to be getting plenty of biplane rides for $100+ per hour some time in the future if I proceed with this airplane project, so the $360/hr rate seemed a tad steep. I did take the opportunity to take pictures of the plane, though. It was in excellent condition, and surprisingly had a four-place front cockpit: it'd been designed and built for taking people up on rides.
Ok, really, time to head home. I walked back to the parking lot, going by way of the biplanes, when of course I noticed a new one. I went to look at it, and ended up following the pilot and a helper as they pushed it to its parking spot. It was a modified Acro Sport II (a plane which is, coincidentally, looking more attractive for my purposes), painted a very deep red, with black scallops on the wings. Pretty sharp looking. The pilot immediately took off, but said the builder would be by in five minutes. I waited a few minutes, but hunger and the desire to not be standing any more got the better of me. I walked back in the direction of the parking lot, stopping to take a few more pictures.
I was hailed at this point, "What are you going to do with all those pictures?" I walked over and started chatting with the guy (who was selling his Starduster Too for a mere $36k), and we ended up talking for about an hour. During that time another Starduster Too pulled in, and an extremely tall man climbed out. He explained that he'd gotten his tailwheel endorsement on July 4th, which means he had about 10 hours in a taildragger, if even that much. Daring, but I guess you gotta do what you gotta do when you buy a new plane. I looked at my watch and realized it was almost 8 pm. I excused myself, and walked back to the sidecar rig. It was definitely time, as the sun sank below the trees. I had fun, but it was time to go home. Posted at 11:34 permanent link category: /aviation Fri, 13 Jul 2007See all the pictures I took in the gallery. I took the day off from work today, and toddled on up to the Arlington Fly-In, which the promoters claim is the 3rd largest fly-in in the US. Hard for me to know whether that claim is true or not, as this was my first fly-in. The gates opened at 8, and not wanting to be stuck behind a huge crowd, I arrived around 7:30. This involved waking up at the incomprehensible hour of 5:45 am, but it wasn't so bad, since I didn't comprehend it. I made the trip on the sidecar rig, since the Ninja's down with Idiot Thief problems. I needn't have worried about the crowd. I have the impression that the crowd was actually unusually sparse. There seemed to be maybe several hundred people there, and I had the impression they usually expect 5-10x that many people. Good for me, but bad for the EAA, I guess.
Anyway, after wandering past a display of several Beech 18s (my favorite pipe-dream/alternate reality plane), I wandered until I found the biplane section. Unfortunately, there were only a few, and they all seemed to be exactly the same model. I was really hoping to see a variety of different planes up close, but my goal was thwarted. They were all Starduster Toos, which are a pretty plane, but too heavy, and very complex-looking to build.
One thing I found very interesting is that all these biplanes seemed really small. I'd had this impression that all the biplanes I was looking at were absolutely huge, but in reality they were quite small. It makes sense, when I think about it, but it was a surprising (and somewhat encouraging) realization. Too soon, the first forum I wanted to attend was upon me. I ducked into an unnaturally dark tent, and listened to an uninspired man talk about tailwheel flying. He had good information, but it was mostly stuff I already knew, so I've probably finished the "ground school" portion of my tailwheel education. Interestingly, he's based out of Scappoose, which is very near my parents' house. Hmmm.... (One of the Stardusters was based out of St. Helens, which is near Scappoose. Double-hmm!) During the talk on tailwheel flying, the weather decided to assert itself, and we heard rolling thunder getting closer. Then it got really close. Moments later, fat, heavy drops of rain started hitting the tent, and it got even darker as a huge thunderhead must have passed overhead. The rain resolved into a steady patter. The tent filled up with extra people who'd decided that listening to tailwheel droning was better than getting wet. (The guy was actually fine to listen to, but his style of presentation could have used some work.) Tailwheel man ran over by 15 minutes, but I had some time to wander. I continued along the way I'd been going, and went through all the vendor tents. Nothing too exciting, although I'm sure that'll change (mostly my attitude will change, I mean) if/when I start building. After the vendors, I found the EAA chapter 84 tent. This was pretty interesting to me because EAA chapter 84 is full of people who are actually building airplanes. Chapter 26, which is the Seattle chapter, and meets at Boeing Field, is full of people who.... meet once a month, as far as I can tell. Chapter 84, which meets in Snohomish, at Harvey Field (likely future home of any biplanes I happen to build), is much more active. In fact, I met a man named Tom, who's building a Starduster Too (same as all those biplanes I saw out in the judging area), and has been for 15 years. He said he's been at it off and on during that time, it's not as if he's been working diligently for 15 years. He and I ended up chatting about a few things before it was time to excuse myself for the gas welding forum. I wandered over to the tent (conveniently just next to the tent I was already in), but there was no evidence of gas welding. I asked the person who looked to be in charge whether he would be teaching gas welding, and he said no, the gas welder was off doing something else, and he'd be teaching sheetmetal bending. Dissapointed, I wandered off to find something else to do -- sheetmetal is low on my list of priorities.
The next hour or two consisted of wandering around and looking at planes. I chatted some more with the guy from St. Helens (me: "I'm thinking of building a biplane." him: "Gee, you look sane enough [why would you want to do a thing like that?]"). Next episode: I learn that punching out airplane fabric is harder than it looks. Posted at 23:59 permanent link category: /aviation Sat, 07 Jul 2007
As I type this, I'm sitting on a ferry
It's been an eventful week. I haven't posted much because I've been doing so much. Let's catch up. Monday and Tuesday were spent working on the house, primarily getting trim sorted out. I had it cut to fit by Saturday, but couldn't get to the store to buy the stain until Monday. That was fine, since Sunday was the day I applied the pre-treatment (Benite) to the wood, getting it ready for stain, and it needed a day to dry. Monday saw the stain all trimmed, and Tuesday saw it all installed. Installing baseboard trim isn't as difficult as I would have thought, but I definitely took shortcuts -- for instance, I really should have shaved the trim so it matched all the waves and whoop-de-doos in the floor... Ah well, it still looks a whole lot better than it did. Wednesday was the really notable day. I had this great plan in mind: I would ride up on the motorcycle (I'd been bicycling previously), so I'd have my riding gear with me, and I'd take the sidecar rig out for a ride. So I got myself all dressed up for motorcycling, and went out to the bike. Set my stuff down, and started to get ready, when I noticed a glob of something on the ignition switch. "What's that? Caulk?" I thought to myself, apparently having home-repair materials on the brain. On closer inspection, I realized that no, it wasn't caulk, it was mangled metal. Yep, someone tried to steal my bike using the old standard "hammer and screwdriver" method. It still doesn't work. I swore under my breath and tried my key. No go. After some investigation, it turns out that they mangled the first wafer of the lock, which completely prevents the key from going in, or the lock from ever turning again. This is a bad thing in two ways. First, and most obviously, it means the bike is unrideable. Secondly, and less obviously, the forks were locked (the ignition switch drops a pin into the frame, which prevents the handlebars from turning); this was good in that it prevented the idiot with the screwdriver from simply rolling the bike away, but bad in the sense that fixing the busted lock is considerably more complicated when the forks are locked. It looks like I can plan on spending about 4 hours on the job, once the new lock comes in.... Wednesday, however, continued pretty well. I grumpily changed out of my motorcycling gear and got out my bicycle. The ride up to the house was no more difficult than it ever is, so at least that wasn't a big deal. Once there, I finally tackled the job I should have finished in 2004: installing under-cabinet lights in the kitchen. It ended up taking all day, but I got a late start. When I was done, it was a beautiful thing to finally see that second switch, which had so long sat idle, flip on those lights. It's not quite the perfect system I might have wished for, but it works pretty well -- mostly, I decided against putting lights over the sink, which had been part of the original goal. If you check your calendar, you'll see that Wednesday was the 4th. Of July. So, naturally (weather permitting), I wanted to go flying. As I mentioned previously, I did go flying, and we had a great time. Kristin and I went up by ourselves, despite invitations to a few other people to join us. Ah well, it was a lot of fun, and I like flying the little Cessna 152 better than the bigger 172s. We brought along the video camera, and Kristin shot 50 minutes of footage, including my atrocious landing. I clearly need to practice night landings. Scroll down to see a link to that video. Thursday dawned well enough, my mood having been lifted by the success with the under-cabinet lights and the good flight the night before. I bicycled up to the house (still grumbling under my breath that now I was bicycling because I had no other choice), and got to work. The big event for Thursday was taking some trash up to the dump. In particular, that awful latticework under the deck had to go. I had tried to arrange a truck for a dump run, but my friends with trucks have stopped paying attention to voicemail and never answer their phones, so I decided I'd better just do it myself. I laid out one of the canvas dropcloths from painting in the back of the minivan. Floor successfully covered, I started loading in chunks of lattice, which had largely disintegrated as I pulled it off. In the end, I probably had 500 lbs of lattice, and other junk I've been meaning to throw away forever. There was a tremendous line at the dump, and it ended up taking 20 minutes to get in once I'd arrived. Fortunately, that line was keeping people from actually getting in and dumping, so once I got in, I was quickly done. Thursday night culminated in downloading the video from the 4th, and cutting it up for YouTube. Friday was the Day of Paint. I had one coat left to do in the bathroom, and three coats to do in the stairway down to the basement. It took me a long time to decide to do the stairway, since I was really quite sick of painting. However, the walls in there were pretty awful -- not only ugly stucco, but with mysteriously unpainted sections, and lots of crayon marks and other violence from previous residents. So, pretty much all I did on Friday was paint. The other, non-house thing I did, was to cart my motorcycle gear up to the house, so I could ride the sidecar rig. I caught the 5:30 ferry, and finally met Kristin's brother Paul, who recently returned to the land of the living after a years-long drug binge, living homeless in Hawaii. He seems to have recovered quite well, and the sober lifestyle is sticking. It was pleasing to finally meet him; I've heard lots of stories from when Kristin was younger. Which brings me to now, riding the ferry back to Seattle. Today will be a day full of paint and little jobs, I suspect. The stairway needs its last coat of paint, and there are a ton of little things which need to be done. But, and this is important to me, the stairway painting is the last "big" job I have to do on the house. Everything else is little stuff, which can be successfully completed in an evening, if necessary (meaning I don't need to take more days off to do them). Something like painting or dealing with trim can be tried in an evening, but it'll either be very long, or necessitate cutting it off half-way done to come back the next night. I'm glad I'll be past that point. But now the boat is pulling into Seattle, and I'd best get my helmet on and get ready to go. Here's to progress! Posted at 23:37 permanent link category: /misc Fri, 06 Jul 2007Kristin and I went up in a Cessna 152 for the fourth of July. As I commented to her after the flight, "We only spent $150 on that for both of us -- we got off cheap!" She replied, "Yeah, my neighbor must have spent $200-300 easily on fireworks..." As you can see, the view was pretty good: The flight is from Paine Field in Everett, down to Seattle, back and forth over Ballard, Fremont and Wallingford, then back to Everett. If you listen carefully at the end, you can hear me say, "That was a terrible landing!" It wasn't that bad, but I flared higher than I'd wanted to, which resulted in a fair bump rather than a nice slick roll. Oh well. It's one of the perils of night landings, although interestingly not one I've ever suffered from before. Enjoy! (No, the sound never gets more interesting. I may re-cut it later with music.) Posted at 10:04 permanent link category: /aviation Mon, 02 Jul 2007Of course, the experience was basically stressful, so it was more of an anxiety dream than one of those good dreams. On a whim (in my dream), I decided to buy a plane. I don't know what the reasoning was, but awake-logic suggests that $20k spent on building a plane vs. just buying one for $20k might suddenly make sense. In any case, I suddenly owned a plane. Perhaps it was a Cessna 152. I was overjoyed! Then I started looking closer. Apparently, I had bought a plane without even doing a rudimentary pre-flight inspection, much less done any of the research one would normally do. The prop had a sharp wave in one blade, as if it were folded back on itself, then inexpertly straightened again. I realized that this had to have been a prop strike, which is not only a problem for the prop, but a death knell for the engine. Then I realized that I hadn't thought to check the log books (assuming the plane even had log books). Nor had I hired a mechanic to look it over for me (which I do with motorcycles). In fact, I had effecively walked up to this plane with barely a glance and said, "I'll take it!" Then, of course, the anxiety really set in, as I started spinning over the fact that I had just bought this plane at full market value for a functional, airworthy airplane, but had in fact purchased something which was barely worth anything as scrap. (This situation is actually a reflection of my waking life, where I bought a minivan for the "functional" price, then found it had a broken head gasket; but that's a different story, and only involves $3k.) By the time 5 am rolled around, I was awake enough to start planning out this very journal entry, having realized it was a dream and that I was not in fact out twenty grand for a jumbled pile of scrap aluminum. Hooray? Posted at 08:56 permanent link category: /aviation Sun, 01 Jul 2007I realized today that I haven't fired up the sidecar rig in something over a month. It'd been a long time before that. Really, it just doesn't fill a need for me any more. So, I've decided to put it up for sale: http://seattle.craigslist.org/see/mcy/364370224.html If you know anyone who's interested, pass them my way. Notably, the rig includes the full "normal" Goldwing fairing and a variety of windshields for the sidecar. It'd make a great cheap touring rig for someone (still seems to run well). I'll be kind of sad to see it go, but also kind of relieved I don't have to worry about it any more. My next sidecar rig will be lighter and newer. Posted at 21:32 permanent link category: /motorcycle Categories: all aviation gadgets misc motorcycle theater Written by Ian Johnston. Software is Blosxom. Questions? Please mail me at reaper at obairlann dot net. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||